What is Non-Communicable Disease?

Understanding Non-Communicable Diseases: Causes and Prevention

Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), also known as chronic diseases, are conditions that are not contagious and cannot be transmitted from one person to another. They are typically long-term, often lifelong and also result from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and behavioural factors. The major NCD types are cardiovascular, cancers, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes.

Chronic non-communicable diseases are the number one factor in worldwide deaths. There are many NCDs which can be prevented by lifestyle changes such as reducing tobacco and alcohol, engaging in physical activities and changing eating habits.

Different Types of Non-Communicable Diseases

There are four major types of NCDs:

1. Cardiovascular Diseases

These include conditions such as heart disease, hypertension and stroke. Cardiovascular diseases lead to the highest number of deaths globally, often linked to poor diet, lack of exercise, and tobacco use.

2. Cancers

Cancer, which is caused by abnormal cell growth, can affect almost any part of the body. Breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, etc., are some of the most common types. Cancer can be caused by genetic factors, lifestyle choices or environmental exposure, but it does not spread from one person to another. Cancer is responsible for approximately 9 million deaths worldwide each year.

3. Chronic Respiratory Diseases

These include asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and other lung conditions. They can be caused by smoking, air pollution and occupational exposure to chemicals or dust. The worldwide deaths account for 3.9 million due to chronic respiratory diseases.

4. Diabetes

Diabetes is a disease that affects how the body uses blood sugar or glucose. Type 1 diabetes is usually genetic, while type 2 diabetes is often related to lifestyle factors such as poor diet, obesity or lack of physical activity. It accounts for 1.6 million global deaths.

Other Examples of NCDs

● Mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety.

● Neurological conditions like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.

● Chronic kidney disease.

What Causes NCDs?

While some non-communicable diseases are inherited or linked to genetic issues, many develop due to lifestyle and environmental factors.

Here are some common risk factors for getting non-communicable diseases:

● Unhealthy diet

● Lack of physical activity

● Regular tobacco use

● Excessive alcohol consumption

● Air pollution

● Stress and poor mental health

Why Non-Communicable Diseases are a Global Concern?

According to the World Health Organization, non-communicable diseases account for 70% of global deaths, which amounts to around 41 million people each year.

NCDs do not just affect older people. In many countries, they are increasing among younger adults and teenagers as well due to poor diet, lack of exercise and increasing mental stress levels. These diseases also disproportionately affect low- and middle-income countries where proper healthcare and preventive services are not easily accessible.

In addition to health impacts, NCDs place a huge economic burden on families and healthcare systems. Treating these diseases can be expensive, and many people suffer from lost income and reduced quality of life.

Prevention of NCDs

It is important to control these diseases by reducing the risk factors involved with NCDs. The government provides low-cost solutions. To reduce the impact of NCDs, a comprehensive, multi-sectoral approach is essential. Sectors like health, finance, and education must collaborate to reduce risk factors and raise public awareness.

Investing in improved management of non-communicable diseases is essential. Managing NCDs involves the detection, screening, and treatment of these conditions, along with providing proper care for those who need it. Countries lacking adequate healthcare services are unlikely to achieve universal access to essential NCD interventions.

Managing NCDs through effective interventions is crucial for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly those focused on health and well-being.