Filariasis Symptoms: Signs of Parasitic Infections

Filariasis Symptoms & Causes: Early Signs of Parasitic Infection Explained

Filariasis is a parasitic disease commonly found in tropical regions. It is caused by thread-like roundworms transmitted through mosquito bites. The most frequent culprits are Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, both of which target the lymphatic system.

In the initial phase, filariasis symptoms may resemble those of common infections, including fever, chills, headaches, and skin irritation. However, if left untreated, the condition can lead to severe complications.

Keep reading this blog to get a detailed understanding of the symptoms of filariasis for early diagnosis and timely treatment.

What is Filariasis?

Filariasis refers to a group of parasitic infections that impact both humans and animals. In humans, the primary forms include lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, loiasis, and Mansonellidosis. These infections pose a threat to over 859 million people globally, with millions already living with the disease and its symptoms. 

The disease is caused by slender, thread-like worms that settle in the lymphatic system. As these parasites obstruct lymphatic flow, fluid accumulates in certain areas of the body, leading to significant swelling, a condition known as lymphedema.

What are the Symptoms of Filariasis?

The following are the symptoms of filariasis that one must be aware of:

• Inflammation: Inflammation may cause the impacted areas of the body to appear red, feel warm, or become sensitive to touch.
• Filarial Fever: Periodic episodes of fever that may be accompanied by pain, inflammation, and swelling in the affected areas.
• Pain and Discomfort: Individuals may experience ongoing pain or general discomfort in the swollen or affected regions.
• Lymphedema: A build-up of lymphatic fluid can lead to noticeable swelling in the arms, legs, genital region, or breasts.
   

What are the Causes of Filariasis?

Filariasis is primarily caused by parasitic worms that are spread through the bites of infected mosquitoes. While the infection originates from the parasite, several causes lead to lymphatic filariasis symptoms:

• Geographic Location: Residing in or travelling to regions where filariasis is common greatly increases the risk of infection.
• Weakened Immune Function: People with compromised immune systems or existing health issues may be more vulnerable to infection after exposure.
• Unsanitary Living Conditions: Areas with limited access to clean water and poor sanitation create environments where mosquitoes thrive, making transmission more likely.
• Frequent Mosquito Contact: Spending time outdoors, especially during times when mosquitoes are most active, raises the chance of being bitten by an infected mosquito.

How is Filariasis Diagnosed and Tested?

Diagnosing filariasis can be challenging because filariasis symptoms vary based on the type of infection and often mimic those of common viral or bacterial illnesses during the early stages. To confirm the presence of the disease, doctors typically rely on a combination of physical examinations and laboratory tests.

This process may involve examining bodily fluids like blood and urine for signs of infection. Since the parasite’s larvae tend to be more active at night, certain blood tests are specifically scheduled during nighttime hours to increase detection accuracy.

One widely used method involves drawing blood from a larger vein and placing it on a glass slide. The collected sample is stained with Giemsa and analysed under an electron microscope to detect the presence of larval roundworms that cause filariasis. For diagnosing subcutaneous filariasis, a skin snip test is often used to detect parasites beneath the skin’s surface.

What are the Treatment Options for Filariasis?

The method used to treat filariasis varies based on the form of the disease and the intensity of the symptoms. Management typically involves a combination of medication and, in some cases, surgical intervention or supportive care. Here are a few of the standard treatment options:

• Antiparasitic Medications: Drugs such as ivermectin, diethylcarbamazine, and albendazole are commonly prescribed to eliminate adult worms or prevent their reproduction. These drugs can also minimise the likelihood of transmitting the infection to other individuals. To reduce the level of parasites in the blood and break the chain of transmission, the standard public health strategy is Mass Drug Administration (MDA), which involves administering a single annual dose of a combination of antiparasitic drugs to at-risk populations.
• Surgical Procedures: In specific situations, surgical procedures might be required to extract non-living worms from the circulatory system. If complications such as a hydrocele occur, surgical intervention may be recommended to drain the accumulated fluid from the scrotal area.
• Managing Chronic Symptoms: When filariasis leads to significant swelling, such as in the limbs or genitalia, healthcare providers may suggest strategies to control the swelling. These may include limb elevation, the use of compression garments, and maintaining proper hygiene to reduce the risk of secondary infections.

How to Prevent Filariasis?

As with many mosquito-borne illnesses, the best approach to filariasis is prevention. Since the disease is transmitted through mosquito bites, taking steps to avoid mosquito exposure is essential. Below are some practical strategies to help lower the risk of infection:

• Avoid going outside during early morning and evening hours, when mosquitoes that carry the filarial parasite are most active.
• Use mosquito coils, mats, and screens to keep your living space mosquito-free.
• Steer clear of wearing strong perfumes or colognes, as their scents may attract mosquitoes.
• Sleep under mosquito nets, preferably those treated with insecticide, to keep mosquitoes at bay while you rest.
• Wear protective clothing such as long-sleeved shirts and full-length trousers to avoid the risk of developing filariasis skin symptoms.
• Although not scientifically proven, mosquitoes are thought to be more attracted to dark clothing, so wearing lighter colours might offer some additional protection.
• Use insect repellents that contain DEET (N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) on exposed skin for added protection.
   

Filariasis is a serious parasitic infection that can lead to long-term health complications if left untreated. Recognising the early filariasis symptoms and seeking timely medical intervention are crucial steps in managing the disease. With effective treatment options and practical preventive measures, the spread and impact of filariasis can be significantly reduced.