Ovaries: Role in Reproduction, Hormones, and Women’s Health

Ovaries: Hormones, Reproduction, and Common Health Conditions

Have you ever wondered what keeps a woman's reproductive system in balance? The answer is the ovaries, tiny, almond-shaped glands that control much more than just fertility. They produce essential hormones and regulate the menstrual cycle.

Shockingly, over 60% of women cannot correctly identify their ovary functions. Understanding these powerful organs can help women take charge of their health and future.

Understanding the Ovaries

Ovaries are part of the female reproductive system. Most women have two ovaries—one on each side of the uterus. Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond and is located in the lower abdomen (pelvic area). Their primary roles include:

• Producing eggs (ova) for reproduction
• Secreting hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone

Function of the Ovaries

The ovaries play a critical role in menstruation and conception. Here are their key functions:

1.      Egg Production (Ovulation)

Ovulation is the monthly release of an egg from one ovary, usually around day 14 of a 28-day menstrual cycle. The egg travels through the fallopian tube toward the uterus. Women are born with 1–2 million eggs, which decline to about 300,000 to 400,000 by puberty. Only 300 to 400 eggs are ovulated during the reproductive years.

2.      Hormone Production

The ovaries produce key hormones that regulate reproductive and overall health:

• Oestrogen –Supports the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and menstrual regulation.
• Progesterone –Prepares the uterus for pregnancy and maintains early pregnancy.
   

These hormones fluctuate monthly, impacting mood, energy, bone health, and emotional well-being.

Common Conditions Affecting the Ovaries

Several medical conditions can affect the function of the ovaries. They are:

1. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common hormonal disorder. A key feature can be the presence of multiple small follicles (often called cysts) on the ovaries, but diagnosis is based on a combination of symptoms including irregular periods and signs of elevated male hormones. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), PCOS affects an estimated 8–13% of women of reproductive age globally. It can result in irregular periods, infertility, acne, and excessive hair growth.
2. Ovarian Cysts: These are fluid-filled sacs that may develop on the ovaries, often during ovulation. While most ovarian cysts are harmless and resolve without treatment, some can cause pelvic pain, bloating, or complications requiring medical attention.
3. Ovarian Cancer: Ovarian cancer is a relatively rare but serious condition that begins in the ovaries. As per some studies, the age-standardised incidence rate of ovarian cancer in India is 4.9 cases per 100,000 women. Early detection significantly improves treatment outcomes, but symptoms are often vague, making early diagnosis challenging.

What Happens When a Woman Has Her Ovaries Removed?

Oophorectomy, the surgical removal of one or both ovaries, is often done with hysterectomy in India. Around 3.3% of women aged 15–49 have had a hysterectomy. It may be advised for serious conditions like cancer, or for severe endometriosis or cysts that have not responded to other treatments. However, removing the ovaries before natural menopause causes an abrupt drop in hormone levels, leading to immediate surgical menopause. This has significant long-term health implications, including an increased risk for osteoporosis and heart disease, which must be managed, often with hormone therapy.

Here is how this procedure can impact a woman's body:

• Loss of Fertility –Removal of both ovaries means the woman can no longer produce eggs or conceive naturally.
• Immediate Menopause –Known as surgical menopause, this brings sudden symptoms such as hot flashes, mood swings, vaginal dryness, and sleep disturbances.
• Hormonal Imbalance – A sudden drop in oestrogen and progesterone levels may lead to reduced bone density, cardiovascular issues, and changes in emotional well-being.
• Mental Health Impact –Feelings of anxiety, grief, or depression are common post-oophorectomy, especially in younger women.
   

Ovaries may be small in size, but they play a massive role in shaping a woman’s reproductive and overall health. By understanding their function, recognising early signs of disorders, and being aware of the implications of their removal, women can take proactive steps toward maintaining their well-being. Staying informed is key to making empowered and healthy choices.