Side Effects of Oxytocin You Should Know

Side Effects of Oxytocin During Labour and Beyond

Did you know that oxytocin is often called the “love hormone” or “bonding hormone” because of its powerful role in human connection and maternal bonding? Beyond emotions, oxytocin plays a critical role in childbirth and breastfeeding. In medical settings, synthetic oxytocin is often administered to support labour and postnatal recovery.

While oxytocin offers vital benefits, especially during labour, both its natural and synthetic forms can cause side effects, some mild, others potentially serious. Awareness of these effects can help patients and carers respond appropriately when complications arise.

Major Side Effects of Oxytocin

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), misuse or overuse of oxytocin can increase maternal and neonatal risks. So, here are the key side effects to be aware of:

• Uterine Hyperstimulation

One of the most serious side effects of synthetic oxytocin is uterine hyperstimulation, where the uterus contracts too frequently or too strongly. This condition can reduce oxygen supply to the baby, leading to foetal distress. Common signs include:

1. Excessively frequent contractions
2. Abnormally intense contractions
3. Irregular foetal heart rate
    

Prompt medical intervention is essential to safeguard both the mother and the baby.

• Nausea and Vomiting

Many women experience nausea, vomiting, or abdominal cramps while receiving oxytocin during labour. These effects are usually temporary and may be managed with supportive care.

• Headache and Dizziness

Changes in blood pressure due to oxytocin may lead to headaches, dizziness, or light-headedness. Such symptoms must be monitored closely, especially in women with pre-existing hypertension or cardiovascular conditions.

• Water Retention and Low Sodium Levels

Oxytocin has an antidiuretic effect, which can cause the body to retain water. This may result in a rare but serious condition known as water intoxication, or hyponatraemia. Symptoms include:

1. Headache
2. Nausea
3. Mental confusion
4. Seizures
5. In extreme cases, coma
    

These complications are more likely during prolonged infusions or when large volumes of fluids are administered alongside oxytocin.

• Allergic Reactions

Though rare, some individuals may develop allergic reactions to synthetic oxytocin. Signs include:

1. Skin rash
2. Swelling of the face, lips, or throat
3. Difficulty breathing
4. Itching
    

Understanding Oxytocin

Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain. It has various physiological and emotional functions. In clinical settings, healthcare providers administer synthetic oxytocin, commonly known by its brand name Pitocin, to:

• Induce labour
• Strengthen uterine contractions
• Prevent or control postpartum haemorrhage
• Aid in the delivery of the placenta
   

However, like any medication, oxytocin use must be carefully monitored to avoid adverse outcomes.

Psychological and Emotional Effects

Oxytocin affects emotional regulation and behaviour. While often linked to positive feelings like trust and bonding, elevated oxytocin levels, especially if it is naturally occurring, can sometimes lead to increased emotional sensitivity or anxiety.

These psychological effects are more thoroughly studied in natural oxytocin and less so in patients receiving the synthetic form.