What are the Common Infections in the Colon?

Colon Infections Explained: Types, Signs & Prevention

The colon, or large intestine, plays an essential role in the human digestive system by absorbing water and storing waste. Although it hosts a large population of beneficial bacteria, it is still vulnerable to infections caused by harmful pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

These infections can disrupt the colon's normal functions and cause symptoms ranging from mild diarrhoea to severe abdominal pain and fever. Understanding the causes and symptoms of these infections is crucial for early detection and medical intervention. Keep reading to learn about the infections related to the human colon.

What are the Different Infections in the Colon?

Below are the most common infections that affect the colon:

1. Clostridioides Difficile (C. diff) Infection

difficile is a spore-forming, toxin-producing bacterium that often infects the colon when the normal gut microbiota is disrupted, usually due to recent antibiotic use. The lack of beneficial bacteria allows C. diff to multiply and release toxins that inflame the colon lining.

Symptoms:

• Watery diarrhoea (sometimes severe and persistent)
• Abdominal cramps or tenderness
• Bloating
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• Loss of appetite

2. Shigella Infection (Shigellosis)

Shigella is a highly contagious bacterial pathogen transmitted through contaminated food, water, or direct person-to-person contact. It spreads quickly in areas with poor sanitation and is common in young children and institutional settings.

Symptoms:

• Bloody diarrhoea with mucus
• Severe abdominal cramps
• Tenesmus (a constant urge to pass stool)
• Fever
• Fatigue
• Dehydration
• Nausea

3. Salmonella Infection

Salmonella bacteria are often contracted by consuming raw or undercooked poultry, eggs, or dairy products. Contaminated fruits and vegetables or contact with infected animals can transmit the bacteria.

Symptoms:

• Diarrhoea (may be watery or bloody)
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Headache
• Chills

4. Escherichia Coli (E. coli) Infection

Certain E. coli strains (e.g., EHEC O157:H7) colonize the large intestine, causing bloody diarrhea and colitis. Others (e.g., ETEC) infect the small intestine. Infection typically results from undercooked ground beef, unpasteurised milk or juice, or contaminated produce.

Symptoms:

• Severe abdominal cramps
• Watery or bloody diarrhoea
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Low-grade fever (or none at all)
• General weakness

5. Campylobacter Infection

Campylobacter jejuni is commonly found in undercooked poultry, contaminated water, and unpasteurised milk. The infection is a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis globally.

Symptoms:

• Diarrhoea (may be bloody or watery)
• Abdominal cramps (often sharp and severe)
• Fever
• Malaise
• Headache
• Muscle pain
• Nausea and vomiting

6. Amoebic Colitis (Amebiasis)

This infection, caused by the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica, is acquired through ingesting contaminated food or water, especially in areas with poor sanitation.

Symptoms:

• Diarrhoea (which may be bloody or contain mucus)
• Abdominal pain (often chronic or cramping)
• Flatulence
• Urgency to defecate
• Tenesmus
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Mild fever

7. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Colitis

The cytomegalovirus, a member of the herpesvirus family, causes CMV colitis. It mostly affects immunocompromised individuals, including those with HIV/AIDS (human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome) or those undergoing chemotherapy or organ transplants.

Symptoms:

• Persistent or recurring diarrhoea
• Abdominal pain (often on the lower left side)
• Fever
• Weight loss
• Fatigue
• Nausea
• General discomfort or malaise

8. Norovirus and Rotavirus Infections

 Both viruses are highly contagious and transmitted via the faecal-oral route, often through contaminated food, water, or surfaces. Norovirus is common in adults, while rotavirus mainly affects infants and young children. Outbreaks frequently occur in closed settings like schools, cruise ships, and nursing homes.

Norovirus Symptoms:

• Sudden onset of nausea
• Vomiting
• Watery diarrhoea
• Abdominal cramps
• Mild fever
• Muscle pain
• General fatigue

Rotavirus Symptoms:

• Severe watery diarrhoea (especially in children)
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Abdominal pain
• Signs of dehydration (dry mouth, dizziness, reduced urine output)

What is the treatment for colon infections?

Listed below are the standard treatment options for colon infections:

• Hydration is Essential: Replenish lost fluids and electrolytes with oral rehydration solutions (ORS), especially in cases of diarrhoea.
• Medications: Depending on the cause, treatment may involve antibiotics (for bacterial infections), antiparasitics (for amoebiasis), or antivirals (for CMV colitis).
• Rest and Nutritional Support: Adequate rest and a bland, easy-to-digest diet support recovery and maintain strength during illness.
• Health Insurance Coverage: Plans from providers like Star Health offer financial protection for hospitalisation and treatment of infectious diseases, ensuring timely access to care.

What are the preventive measures for colon infections?

Listed below are the preventive measures for colon infections:

• Practice Hand Hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the toilet, changing nappies, and eating or preparing food.
• Consume Safe and Well-Cooked Food: Avoid raw or undercooked meats, poultry, eggs, and seafood. Ensure food is cooked to safe internal temperatures and served hot.
• Drink Clean and Treated Water: In areas with potentially contaminated tap water, use filtered, boiled, or bottled water. Avoid ice made from unsafe water.
• Maintain Clean Surroundings: Disinfect commonly touched surfaces, particularly in shared or public spaces. Use proper sanitation procedures to handle waste.
• Travel Smart: When travelling to developing regions, be cautious about food and water sources. Eat freshly cooked meals and avoid street food and unpeeled fruits.
• Vaccination (if necessary):Vaccines for infections like rotavirus (especially for children) can reduce the risk of severe disease.

Colon infections often result from consuming contaminated food or water or practising poor hygiene. They usually present with symptoms like diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and fever.

Recognising these signs early and seeking medical attention can help manage the infection effectively and prevent further complications or transmission. Health emergencies due to infections can be sudden and stressful. A trusted insurance provider ensures access to quality care, timely diagnosis, and financial protection.

At Star Health, we offer extensive coverage for various diseases under our tailored insurance plans. We also provide hassle-free claim settlements with reduced turnaround time across over 14,000 network hospitals in India.