Tongue Cancer: Symptoms, Signs, Causes & Treatment

Tongue Cancer- Symptoms, Types and Causes

Early stages of tongue cancer can be tricky to detect. Many people might confuse the symptoms with everyday mouth issues like ulcers, infections or irritation from spicy food. However, understanding the early signs is important for catching the disease early and starting treatment immediately.

What is Tongue Cancer?

Tongue cancer is a type of oral cancer that starts in the cells of the tongue. Generally, it begins in the thin, flat cells called squamous cells that cover the surface of the tongue. This type is called squamous cell carcinoma. Tongue cancer can occur in two main areas:

• Front part (oral tongue): This is the part we can see and move.
• The base of the tongue: The Back third of the tongue, which is near the throat.
   

Both types of cancer may show similar symptoms, but the location can affect how easily it is noticeable.

Types of Tongue Cancer

Multiple types of cancer can impact your tongue, but the most frequently seen is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Squamous cell carcinoma initiates in the squamous cells in the external layer of your skin. Particularly, SCC impact the parts of your body due to exposed to the sun. However, it can also impact mucous membranes such as inside your mouth.

What Causes it and Who are at risk?

Tongue cancer causes is unknown. However, certain behaviours and conditions may increase risk of having tongue cancer including:

• Chewing Tobacco or smoking
• Heavy drinking alcohol
• Being infected with HIV (Human Papillomavirus), a sexually transmitted disease
• Chewing betel
• A family history of tongue or other mouth cancers
• A personal history of other squamous cell cancers
• A poor oral hygiene and chronic irritation from poorly-fitting dentures can contribute to the development of oral cancer, potentially by causing long-term inflammation.
   

Tongue cancer is often seen in older men in compared to the women or younger age people. Oral cancers are most common in people more than 65 years old.

Symptoms of Early-Stage Tongue Cancer

Here are some early signs or symptoms of early-stage tongue cancer we should not ignore:

A Red or White Patch

One of the most common early signs of tongue cancer is a red or white patch on the surface of the tongue. These patches may not go away after two weeks. Red patches, which are called erythroplakia, are generally more concerning than white ones, which are leukoplakia. However, a doctor's diagnosis is required.

Ulcer in the Mouth

Many people get ulcers in their mouths from time to time. But with early tongue cancer, the sore may not heal, even after two weeks. The ulcer can be located on the side or under the tongue and can bleed easily. If someone has a sore in their tongue that lingers for more than a few weeks, it is better to consult with a doctor.

Lump or Thickening on the Tongue

In some cases of tongue cancer, a lump or bump may form on the tongue. This lump can be painless or cause slight discomfort, feel hard or firm to the touch or grow slowly over time.

• Numbness or Tingling: Tongue cancer may cause non-visible symptoms as well, such as numbness in some parts of the tongue, a tingling sensation in the mouth and pain while speaking or eating.

How is Early Stage Tongue Cancer Diagnosed?

Dentists are often the first people to detect any signs of tongue cancer during any routine checkups. If they find anything unusual in the tongue, they may do the following to gather more information:

• They will check the mouth carefully for visible signs of any abnormal tissues.
• Use an endoscope for further inspection.
• They can recommend a biopsy, where a small tissue sample from the affected area is taken and examined to check for cancer cells.
• In some cases, scans like an MRI, CT scan, or PET scan may be provided.
   

Can it be Prevented?

You can minimize your risk of tongue cancer by avoiding activities that can result into tongue cancer and taking care of your mouth. To lower your risk:

• Don’t smoke or chew tobacco
• Don’t drink alcohol or limit
• Don’t chew betel
• Get a full course of the HPV vaccine
• See a dentist once every six months, if possible
• Make sure that you brush your teeth daily and floss regularly

Risk Factors to Keep in Mind

While anyone can develop tongue cancer, there are certain factors that can increase the risk. Let's discuss the risk factors for developing tongue cancer:

• Smoking or using tobacco products
• Heavy consumption of alcohol
• A Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection
• Poor oral hygiene
• A weakened immune system
   

All these factors can lead to the overall risk of developing tongue cancer.

When to See a Doctor?

It is always better to seek a dentist, general doctor or ENT specialist if someone notices the following in their mouth:

• A sore, lump or patch that does not go away in two weeks
• Unexplained bleeding in the mouth
• Difficulty when speaking or eating.
• Continuous pain in the mouth without any clear cause

Early-stage tongue cancer may appear harmless, but any unusual feeling in the mouth should not be ignored. It is crucial to consult a medical professional if something feels off. Early detection plays a key role in improving the chances of successful treatment and recovery, making it essential to act promptly.

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