Understanding Hepatitis E Symptoms - A Helpful Guide to This Liver Infection

What are the Common Symptoms of Hepatitis E?

Hepatitis E symptoms include fatigue, fever, nausea, abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, pale stools, etc. Caused by the Hepatitis E virus (HEV), this liver infection spreads mainly through contaminated water and food. Although it is mostly self-limiting, it can also be severe in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals.

Introduction

Hepatitis E might not be as widely discussed as other forms of hepatitis, but it represents a significant liver infection affecting people globally. Understanding this condition, particularly the common Hepatitis E symptoms, is essential for safeguarding your health and the health of those in your community. This guide aims to provide straightforward information about Hepatitis E.

What is Hepatitis E?

Essentially, Hepatitis E is an inflammation of the liver caused by the Hepatitis E virus (HEV). The liver performs vital functions like filtering toxins, producing essential proteins, and aiding digestion. When HEV infects the liver, it disrupts these functions, causing inflammation and reduced efficiency.

For many individuals, fortunately, a Hepatitis E infection is a temporary condition. It typically resolves within two to six weeks without causing permanent damage. The condition is often self-limiting, meaning the body's immune system usually clears the infection without specific medical intervention.

However, this is not always the case. For certain groups, notably pregnant women and individuals with compromised immune systems, Hepatitis E can pose a much more serious threat.

How Does Hepatitis E Spread?

Understanding the modes of Hepatitis E transmission is crucial for prevention. The primary route is the faecal-oral pathway, and it occurs mainly through:

1. Contaminated Water

Poor sanitation and lack of safe drinking water contribute to the most frequent mode of infection. The virus is present in the stool of an infected person. If this stool contaminates water sources used for drinking, cooking, or washing produce, others may ingest the virus and become infected. Heavy rainfall or flooding often causes large-scale outbreaks.  Outbreaks also occur in settings with limited sanitation infrastructure, such as refugee camps.

2. Contaminated Food

Infection can also occur by consuming food that has been exposed to contaminated water or handled by an infected individual with inadequate hand hygiene.

3. Undercooked Meat

Hepatitis E infections can result from consuming undercooked pork, deer meat, boar meat, or shellfish (like oysters or mussels) harvested from contaminated waters in areas where Hepatitis E is less prevalent. The virus can reside in these animal hosts.

4. Vertical Transmission (Less Common)

An infected pregnant individual can transmit the virus to their fetus during pregnancy via the placenta.

It is important to note that Hepatitis E is rarely spread through casual person-to-person contact. The causative agent of hepatitis E, the HEV, predominantly uses the faecal-oral transmission route.

Key Hepatitis E Symptoms

Now, let us focus on the core topic: the Hepatitis E symptoms. What signs should prompt awareness?

Diagnosis can be challenging because some individuals infected with HEV exhibit no symptoms, particularly children. When symptoms manifest, they generally appear between 2 and 10 weeks following exposure to the virus, with an average onset of 5-6 weeks.

Initially, the Hepatitis E symptoms may resemble influenza or gastroenteritis:

• Mild fever
• Unusual tiredness or fatigue
• Loss of appetite
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Abdominal pain or discomfort, particularly in the upper right area where the liver is located

A few days after these initial signs, more specific Hepatitis E symptoms related to liver inflammation might emerge:

• Jaundice: This characteristic sign involves a yellowish discolouration of the skin and the whites of the eyes, occurring because the inflamed liver struggles to process bilirubin properly.
• Dark Urine: Urine may appear tea-colored or dark brown.
• Pale Stools: Stools may become light-coloured, greyish, or clay-coloured.
• Itching Skin (Pruritus): This can sometimes be quite severe.
• Skin Rash (uncommon)
• Joint Pain (uncommon)

High-Risk Groups:

• Chronic liver disease patients
• Organ transplant recipients
• Alcoholics (higher complication risk)

How Do Doctors Diagnose Hepatitis E?

If a healthcare provider suspects Hepatitis E based on symptoms and patient history (including travel or potential exposures), they use specific diagnostic methods. Diagnosis is confirmed through:

• Blood Tests: These tests identify specific antibodies (IgM and IgG anti-HEV) produced by the body to combat the Hepatitis E virus. IgM antibodies typically signal a recent or current infection. Liver tests measure blood levels of liver enzymes like ALT and AST, which are generally elevated during liver inflammation.
• Stool Test: Occasionally, a stool sample may undergo RT-PCR testing to detect the virus's genetic material (RNA), confirming an active infection.

These tests help differentiate Hepatitis E from other forms of viral hepatitis (A, B, C) and other conditions presenting similar symptoms.

How is Hepatitis E Treated?

For most individuals, there is relatively positive news regarding Hepatitis E treatment: there is no specific antiviral medication required to cure acute Hepatitis E. As the illness is usually self-limiting, treatment focuses on supportive care to aid the body's recovery and manage symptoms:

• Rest: Allow your body adequate energy to combat the infection.
• Hydration: Consume ample fluids like water or clear broths, especially if experiencing vomiting or diarrhoea, to prevent dehydration.
• Nutrition: Aim for balanced meals, even with a reduced appetite. Avoid heavy, fatty foods if they exacerbate symptoms.
• Avoid Alcohol: Alcohol should be strictly avoided during illness and recovery, as it places additional stress on the liver.
• Medication Caution: Exercise caution with over-the-counter pain relievers or other medications. Some, like acetaminophen, can impact liver function. Always consult your doctor before taking any medication.

Chronic Hepatitis E: 

For the minority of individuals (primarily the immunocompromised) who develop chronic Hepatitis E, specific Hepatitis E treatment might include antiviral drugs like ribavirin or sometimes interferon injections to assist in clearing the virus. However, these treatments carry potential side effects and are not suitable for all patients, particularly pregnant women.

Preventing Hepatitis E

Given that a vaccine is not widely accessible in many global regions, prevention remains the most effective approach. You can reduce your risk, especially when travelling to areas where HEV is endemic (e.g., parts of Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and Central America), by adhering to these practices:

• Safe Water Practices: Consume only commercially bottled water from sealed containers, boiled water, or water treated with a reliable purification method. Avoid tap water, fountain beverages, and ice unless the safety of the water source is confirmed.
• Food Safety: Consume only food that is thoroughly cooked and served hot. Avoid raw fruits and vegetables unless you have peeled them personally or washed them meticulously with safe (bottled or treated) water. Exercise caution with food from sources where hygiene standards may be uncertain.
• Cook Meat Thoroughly: Cook meat and shellfish to appropriate internal temperatures to eliminate any potential virus.
• Hand Hygiene: Maintain frequent and thorough handwashing with soap and safe water, particularly after using the restroom, changing diapers, and before handling or consuming food. If soap and water are unavailable, use an alcohol-based hand sanitiser.

Final Words

For the vast majority of people who contract Hepatitis E, the prognosis is generally favourable. While often self-limiting, recognising the potential Hepatitis E symptoms is vital for seeking timely advice. Most individuals achieve a full recovery without long-term liver damage.

Considering illnesses such as Hepatitis E underscores the importance of maintaining adequate health insurance. While many cases are resolved without issue, unexpected health challenges can arise. Investing in health insurance is an investment in your health security and financial stability.