Leukaemia Symptoms: A Complete Guide to Early Detection

Leukaemia Early: Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment

Leukaemia symptoms often develop subtly and may resemble common infections or fatigue-related issues. These symptoms result from abnormal white blood cell production in the bone marrow, which disrupts normal blood function. The condition can progress rapidly or slowly, depending on the type. Diagnosis and treatment vary based on how early the symptoms are detected.

Introduction

Leukaemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow that affects white blood cells. Some types progress rapidly (acute), while others develop slowly over time (chronic). In many cases, the early symptoms are vague or resemble common illnesses such as viral infections or general fatigue, making them easy to miss. However, recognising these signs early plays a critical role in improving treatment outcomes and overall survival.

This article explores both the common and lesser-known leukaemia symptoms to help you identify when to seek medical attention.

What is leukaemia?

Leukaemia is a cancer of the blood-forming tissues, especially the bone marrow. It leads to the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. These cells crowd out healthy blood cells and affect how your body functions. Leukaemia symptoms differ based on the type and how fast it progresses. There are different forms, including acute and chronic types, which behave differently in the body.

Common Symptoms of Leukaemia

Many early leukaemia symptoms are often confused with common illnesses. However, there are some key signs that are important to recognise. These include:

• Fatigue: One of the earliest and most common symptoms. It occurs due to a lack of healthy red blood cells in the body.
• Frequent Infections: The body’s ability to fight infections weakens as the number of abnormal white cells increases.
• Fever or Chills: A persistent low-grade fever may be an early sign of leukaemia.
• Easy Bruising or Bleeding: This occurs when the blood does not clot properly due to low platelet levels.
• Weight Loss and Poor Appetite: These symptoms develop gradually and signal that the body is not functioning properly.
• Night Sweats: These can be intense and unrelated to external temperatures.
• Swollen Lymph Nodes: Common in the neck, armpits, and groin, these are usually painless.
   

Less Common Symptoms of Leukaemia

In addition to the more frequent signs, there are several lesser-known symptoms of leukaemia. These include:

• Bone or Joint Pain: Caused by the spread of leukaemia cells into the bone marrow.
• Shortness of Breath: A reduced red blood cell count lowers oxygen levels in the body.
• Paleness or Anaemia: The skin may appear pale due to a lack of red blood cells.
• Swollen Belly: May result from an enlarged spleen or liver, often without pain.
   

Types of Leukaemia

Leukaemia is not a single disease but includes several types, each with distinct characteristics and rates of progression. These include:

• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia (ALL): Most common in children but can affect adults as well. ALL progresses rapidly and requires prompt treatment. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, easy bruising, bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, and frequent infections.
• Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (AML): AML primarily affects older adults, though it can occur at any age. It advances quickly and presents severe symptoms. Acute myeloid leukaemia symptoms include bleeding, pale skin, and extreme fatigue. Due to its rapid progression, immediate treatment is essential.
• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia (CLL): CLL develops slowly and may not cause symptoms in its early stages. It is more common in older individuals. When symptoms do appear, they may include swollen lymph nodes, night sweats, weight loss, and tiredness. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is often discovered through routine blood tests.
• Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML): CML also has a slow onset and shows few early symptoms. It mainly affects adults. As it progresses, symptoms may include fatigue, an enlarged spleen, and abdominal fullness. Without treatment, CML can transform into an aggressive form.

Diagnosis of Leukaemia

Diagnosing leukaemia begins with a detailed review of symptoms and a physical examination. Here is how the diagnosis takes place:

• Initial Assessment: Doctors assess symptoms such as fatigue, frequent infections, or abnormal bleeding. A physical examination may reveal swollen lymph nodes, an enlarged spleen, or signs of anaemia.
• Blood Tests: Blood tests help evaluate white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelet counts. Abnormal levels often prompt further investigation for leukaemia.
• Bone Marrow Biopsy: If blood tests raise suspicion, a bone marrow biopsy is performed. A small sample of bone marrow, usually from the hip bone, is examined under a microscope for cancerous cells.
• Further Testing: Genetic, molecular, or chromosomal testing helps determine the type of leukaemia and guides treatment. Imaging tests such as CT scans or ultrasounds may be used to detect organ involvement or internal swelling.

When to See a Doctor?

Early recognition of leukaemia symptoms can result in quicker diagnosis and better treatment outcomes. Many symptoms seem mild at first but should not be ignored if they persist.

Persistent or Unexplained Symptoms

Ongoing fatigue, repeated infections, and easy bruising are warning signs that should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

Multiple Symptoms Appear Together

While one symptom alone may not be concerning, a combination such as night sweats, unexplained weight loss, and swollen lymph nodes may suggest a more serious issue, like leukaemia.

Skin Changes and Sudden Illness

Skin leukaemia symptoms, such as rashes or unexplained red spots, alongside sudden fatigue or illness, should prompt immediate medical consultation. These may indicate problems in the blood and bone marrow.

If you feel something is wrong, trust your instincts. It is always best to seek medical advice. Early diagnosis can significantly improve outcomes.

Treatment of Leukaemia

After a leukaemia diagnosis, treatment is tailored to the type and stage of the disease and the patient’s overall health. For aggressive types, such as acute leukaemia, treatment may begin immediately. Common treatments include:

• Chemotherapy: The primary treatment aimed at destroying cancer cells throughout the body.
• Targeted Therapy: Targets specific genetic mutations found in leukaemia cells.
• Radiation Therapy: Used to treat affected areas or to prepare for a stem cell transplant.
• Stem Cell Transplants: Replace damaged bone marrow with healthy cells from the patient or a donor.
   

Doctors monitor treatment progress through regular blood tests and scans. Supportive care, such as blood transfusions, antibiotics, and psychological counselling, helps manage side effects and maintain quality of life. Early and consistent treatment can increase the chances of remission and long-term survival.

Living with Leukaemia – Continuous Monitoring and Support

Ongoing care plays a vital role in managing life after diagnosis. Patients may need:

• Regular follow-ups: To monitor for any recurrence or side effects.
• Nutritional support: To help strengthen immunity and combat fatigue.
• Mental health care: Addressing the emotional impact of long-term illness is crucial.
• Lifestyle adjustments: Avoiding infections, reducing stress, and staying active when possible can improve well-being.
   

Staying informed and maintaining open communication with healthcare professionals is key to navigating treatment and recovery.

Final Words

Leukaemia symptoms may begin subtly and are often mistaken for less serious conditions. However, they can worsen rapidly if left unnoticed. Being aware of the early warning signs, which range from persistent fatigue to skin changes, can lead to earlier diagnosis and significantly improve treatment outcomes.

Paying attention to your body and acting on unusual or persistent symptoms is crucial. If you feel something is not right, trust your instincts and consult a healthcare provider promptly for accurate diagnosis and timely care.