Parotitis, or inflammation of one or both the parotid glands, causes irritating swelling that produces discomfort and pain. The parotid glands are important salivary glands that produce saliva to aid digestion and oral health; these glands are located on the sides of your head close to the ears.
Bacterial infections account for approximately 10–20% of parotitis cases, particularly in older adults (40-60 years) or individuals with poor oral hygiene. Chronic conditions like Sjögren's syndrome and autoimmune diseases are other common causes. Viral infections, including influenza, Epstein-Barr, and HIV, are also noted contributors.
Keep reading for more information about Parotitis, its symptoms, treatment, and more.
Parotitis majorly occurs in parotid glands, the most prominent salivary glands producing saliva. These salivary glands are on either side of a person’s face, right in front of the ears. Therefore, an inflamed parotid gland can cause severe swelling.
It is also related to an infection known as mumps and can be caused by other sources as well like bacterial infections, chronic diseases, and autoimmune diseases.
The most common is acute parotitis, which has a sudden onset and is usually caused by infections or blockages of the salivary ducts. Chronic parotitis develops slowly, is sometimes caused by systemic diseases, and can be recurrent due to infections or ductal obstruction.
Parotitis vs mumps– both share so many similarities. However, they are not necessarily caused by the latter virus and could have different treatment methods.
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Depending on the cause and type of inflammation. Some of the common symptoms are:
A swollen parotid gland, which may be painful or tender to the touch.
Due to inflammation, there is a loss of saliva production, leading to pain and soreness, usually during meals.
Parotitis swelling can also prevent easy opening of the mouth or swallowing.
Parotitis also causes pus, which can leak inside the mouth, resulting in a sour taste.
Most patients with parotitis will experience slight fever and tiredness, although these are usual manifestations only in infections.
Parotitis usually involves one gland but may sometimes be bilateral, thus causing bilateral swelling of the face.
The presentation of parotitis symptoms can be very varied. Acute presentations can appear sudden, even rapidly, while in chronic cases, symptoms might only be mild but persistent over time.
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Understanding the causes of parotitis is vital for prevention and effective management. Several factors may contribute to the development of parotitis:
Bacterial infections, most commonly Staphylococcus aureus, are the common causes of parotitis. Parotitis occurs by forming a salivary duct block, facilitating the entry and proliferation of bacteria and, subsequently, inflammation.
While mumps was once a primary cause of parotitis, the incidence has decreased with widespread vaccination. However, viral infections, such as the flu or cytomegalovirus, can still lead to parotitis in unvaccinated individuals.
Blockage in the salivary ducts, often caused by sialolithiasis, may compromise the saliva flow and thus provide an environment favorable to bacterial overgrowth with inflammation of the parotid glands.
Chronic parotid gland inflammation from Sjögren's syndrome or sarcoidosis contributes to recurrent parotitis. Decreased salivary secretion also occurs from autoimmune diseases in a manner that predisposes the gland to infection.
Dehydration usually leads to reduced saliva production, which promotes bacterial growth and increases the risk of infection.
Oral hygiene is quite important as bacterial buildup leads to Parotitis.
Parotitis diagnosis includes various clinical examinations and tests to identify the root cause of the inflammation. The diagnosis procedure includes:
During the physical examination, the healthcare professional identifies the area around the ears and jaw to detect swelling, tenderness, or signs of infection.
For more precise diagnosis, ultrasounds or CT scans are done. Through these tests, doctors get a better idea of whether there are restrictions, such as for salivary stones.
In some cases, blood tests are required to find out bacterial presence. Moreover, even an increase in white blood cell count can highlight infection.
In some cases, specific imaging called sialography is used to visualize the salivary ducts and identify any blockage or anomaly within them.
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Effective treatment of parotitis in adults and children varies based on the severity and cause of the condition. Here are some common approaches to managing parotitis:
Moreover, parotitis in children usually requires the mildest treatment approaches. Hydration and good oral hygiene will manage the symptoms.
Parotitis is a painful condition with different kinds of symptoms and cases (similar to mumps but with different root causes), and if left untreated, it can get worse. Hence, early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial.
Thus, with knowledge of causes, symptoms, and treatments, managing parotitis results in better control of symptoms and improved quality of life. As medical science continuously evolves, further new treatments and management options for the condition will emerge.
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