What is a Generalised Seizure?

Types of Generalised Seizures and How to Recognise Them

Seizures have been a major health concern that affects 50 million people globally, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). They can be classified into several types and are based on where they start in the brain.

Of these, generalised seizures are especially important since they affect both halves of the brain simultaneously. Given its various types, it is essential to know their nature, symptoms and causes to handle generalised seizures for patients in the most effective way.

Read on to learn more!

Is Petit Mal a Generalised Seizure?

Yes, petit mal, more clinically known as an absence seizure, is a generalised seizure. They can occur with minimal staring or rapid blinking and may last only a matter of seconds. These seizures are usually so brief and subtle that they may be confused with normal daydreaming, particularly in children.

Despite their subtle nature, absence seizures result from abnormal electrical activity that occurs simultaneously in both brain hemispheres. Typically, individuals revert to their usual behaviour shortly after the incident; however, they often cannot recollect the attack later.

What are the Types of Generalised Seizures?

There are various forms of generalised seizures, which include:

1. Absence seizures (also known as petit mal seizures)
2. Myoclonic seizures
3. Clonic seizures
4. Tonic seizures
5. Tonic-clonic seizures (referred to as grand mal seizures)
6. Atonic seizures (commonly called drop attacks)
    

In certain instances, a seizure might start as a partial or focal seizure. These types of seizures can impact only a specific area of the body. Subsequently, they may evolve into a generalised seizure, which involves the entire body.

What are the symptoms of a generalised seizure?

Symptoms vary drastically by the type of generalized seizure. The following is a comprehensive list of the most prominent signs and symptoms associated with each type of generalised seizure:

• Absence Seizures: Brief stare, unresponsive, eyelid fluttering
• Tonic-ClonicSeizures: Loss of consciousness, body stiffening (tonic) followed by jerking (clonic), cyanosis, drooling, incontinence
• Atonic Seizures: Sudden loss of muscle tone (drop attack)
• Myoclonic Seizures: Sudden, brief jerks of the arms/body.
   

Generalised seizures can last 1 to 3 minutes. In case a tonic-clonic seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes or several seizures follow one after another without recovering consciousness, immediate medical intervention is crucial.

What are the Causes and Risk Factors of Generalised Seizures?

Generalised seizures are caused by abnormal electrical activity that involves both hemispheres of the brain simultaneously. This is often due to a genetic predisposition. It is crucial to distinguish between the underlying cause of epilepsy and triggers that can provoke a seizure:

• Primary Causes: Genetic factors (e.g., juvenile myoclonic epilepsy), brain malformations present from birth.
• Common Triggers (for those with epilepsy): Sleep deprivation, flashing lights (in photosensitive epilepsy), stress, alcohol/drug use, illness/fever.

In addition, certain other medical conditions can also cause generalised seizures. These include:

• Neurological conditions like Alzheimer's disease can cause focal onset seizures
• History of epilepsy or seizures in close family members, although the patterns of inheritance are not yet known
• Hardening of the arteries that supply blood to the brain (cerebral atherosclerosis)
   

Generalised seizures are a multifaceted neurological disorder that can take almost any form, ranging from subtle stare spells to wild convulsions. Accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment are crucial factors in the effective management of this disorder.

Besides, proper understanding, awareness, and support go a long way in promoting safety and enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from generalised seizures.