Acromegaly Causes and Symptoms, Complications, Treatments

Complete Guide about Acromegaly Disease and its Symptoms, Complications, Treatments

Everyone needs to consider the impact of unchecked growth hormone levels, an issue at the core of acromegaly. This rare condition is usually triggered by a non-cancerous tumour in the pituitary gland, leading to excessive hormone production. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and complications is key to ensuring accurate diagnosis and effective care.

What is Acromegaly?

Acromegaly is a rare hormonal disorder that often causes abnormal growth of organs, bones and tissues. The obvious signs of growing acromegaly due to overgrowth may include large hands, feet, and facial disfigurement.

Patients with multiple conditions, such as hypertension, sleep apnoea, debilitating arthropathy, uncontrolled type 2 diabetes and carpal tunnel syndrome, have a higher risk of acromegaly. The prevalence of this disease was about 4,600 per million of the global population in 2023 and is increasing by 116.9 new cases per million each year.

Causes of Acromegaly

Here is a detailed explanation of the causes:

• Non-cancerous Tumour: The most common cause of acromegaly is a pituitary adenoma, a non-cancerous tumour in the pituitary gland. It causes a tumour to press against the nearby brain tissues of the pituitary gland and to release excessive growth hormone.
• Ectopic Production: Certain benign conditions outside the pituitary gland, such as in the pancreas or lungs, can rarely cause the release of excess growth hormone-releasing hormone.
• Genetic Mutation: Acromegaly results from a mutation of specific genes that trigger the overproduction of growth hormone. Genetic syndromes, such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and McCune-Albright syndrome, can lead to developing acromegaly.
   

What is Gigantism without Acromegaly?

Acromegaly occurs when a person reaches adulthood and causes excessive growth in height. In childhood, when the body produces excessive growth hormone, height increases unexpectedly, which is similar to acromegaly in adults. This condition, which primarily affects height in childhood, is known as gigantism without acromegaly because acromegaly does not occur in childhood.

Signs and Symptoms of Acromegaly

Symptoms of this disease can appear slowly in some body parts. Changes may include:

• Numbness and wrist pain
• Weakness
• Swollen hands and feet
• Sleeping apnoea
• Abnormal growth of height in teenagers and children
• Headaches
• Thicker and oily skin
• Abnormal growth of fingers, feet, tongue, neck and head
• Irregular periods
• A deeper voice
• Erectile dysfunction
• Coarse facial features and mandibular enlargement
• Large nose, thick eyelids, and enlarged lower lip
• Abnormal hair distribution
• Visual disturbance
• Dry atrophic breast skin
• Hyperpigmentation

How to Diagnose Acromegaly?

Healthcare providers may prefer tests to identify if the person has acromegaly. Basic laboratory examination for this disease involves:

• Growth Hormone Suppression Test to monitor classic screening of acromegaly and treatment progression
• IGF-1 measurement in the blood to evaluate the pituitary gland and assess growth disorders
• Imaging Test: DEXA (DXA) scan test to visualise bone health
• Echocardiogram to monitor heart health
• A colonoscopy helps to assess colon health issues.
   

What are the Complications of untreated Acromegaly?

Untreated acromegaly can cause serious health conditions, including:

• Heart disease
• Breathing issues while sleeping
• Type 2 diabetes
• Colon cancer
• Arthritis
• High blood pressure
• Bowel polyps
• Carpal tunnel syndrome
• Premature death
   

How to Treat Acromegaly?

The purpose of acromegaly treatment is to control biochemical parameters, such as IGF-1 and growth hormone, and prevent disease symptoms. Moreover, treatment helps to reduce comorbidities, lower the progression of tumour cells, and improve mortality.

1. Medications: Healthcare providers tend to prescribe growth hormone level reduction tablets or injections. Somatostatin analogues, such as lanreotide, octreotide, and pasireotide, help suppress the secretion of growth hormone from somatotroph adenomas and the pituitary gland.
2. Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery (ETSS): It is an invasive surgical process to treat acromegaly. Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (ETSS) involves using an endoscope inserted through the sphenoid sinus and nasal cavity to access and remove non-cancerous tumours from the pituitary gland.
3. Transsphenoidal Microscopic Surgery: This is a first-line effective and safe treatment option for acromegaly. Transsphenoidal microscopic surgery helps access the pituitary gland through the sphenoid sinus and nasal area. It carefully removes the tumour and preserves the nerves and surrounding tissues to minimise the risk of recurrence.
4. Radiotherapy: Radiotherapy involves stereotactic radiosurgery or conventional fractionated radiotherapy for acromegaly. This treatment is used when the tumour cells recur or have not been completely removed from the pituitary gland. Radiotherapy kills the remaining tumour of the pituitary gland or any organ that reduces growth hormone production and improves acromegaly symptoms.
    

Acromegaly is a complex but manageable hormonal disorder if detected early. Understanding its causes, especially pituitary tumours, helps guide timely diagnosis and effective treatment. Ignoring symptoms can lead to life-threatening complications. With the right mix of medication, surgery, or radiotherapy, patients can achieve significant relief and improved quality of life.

Awareness, early intervention, and regular monitoring remain crucial in managing acromegaly and preventing long-term damage.

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