Globally, an estimated 46 million people, including 2.8% of the U.S population, have bipolar disorder. If left untreated, bipolar patients may die almost 10 years earlier than the rest of the population.
Bipolar disorder is a serious mental health condition that causes extreme changes in mood, energy, sleep, and cognitive abilities. It involves alternating episodes of emotional highs (mania/hypomania) and emotional lows (depression).
It is an incurable, chronic mental illness. However, it can be managed with a treatment that combines medicines and psychotherapy. Read ahead for a comprehensive idea of the types of bipolar disorder, key differences between bipolar 1 and 2, mania and hypomania, their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment.
Bipolar disorder can be of the following types:
Bipolar 1 disorder involves one manic episode in a lifetime, before or after hypomanic or depressive episodes. In severe manic episodes, Bipolar 1 can lead to psychosis or dissociation from reality.
Bipolar 2 disorder happens when one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode occur. Bipolar 2 patients do not experience mania.
Cyclothymia is another type of bipolar disorder with milder symptoms. One undergoes many hypomanic and depressive episodes for a minimum of two years to have cyclothymia.
The differences between bipolar disorder 1 and 2 are depicted in the following table:
Bipolar 1 | Bipolar 2 |
Minimum one manic episode | No manic episode, minimum one hypomanic episode |
Full-blown or severe manic symptoms | Less intense hypomanic symptoms |
Manic episode - up to a week | Hypomanic episode - up to four days |
Depressive episodes are not required for diagnosis | Minimum one depressive episode for diagnosis |
Lesser and shorter depressive episodes | Frequent and longer depressive episodes |
Can need hospitalization | Does not need hospitalization |
Higher suicide risk | Lower suicide risk |
Manic episode causes functional impairment | A hypomanic episode does not cause functional impairment |
The table below presents a comparison of mania vs. hypomania:
Mania | Hypomania |
Intense and dangerous symptoms | Mild to moderate symptoms |
Can include psychosis | Does not include psychosis |
Often needs hospitalization | Does not need hospitalization |
Episode for at least a week | Episode for a minimum of four days |
Hindrance in daily activities | Normal functioning in daily activities |
Impaired productivity | Increased productivity |
Negative effect on social relationships | No adverse effect on social relationships |
Always a part of Bipolar 1 | Can occur in Bipolar 1 and 2 |
There is no single cause for bipolar disorder. A combination of various factors can lead to it. Such causes are as follows:
Bipolar disorder involves symptoms of mania and/or depression. Manic or hypomanic symptoms can be:
Depressive symptoms can be :
Diagnosing bipolar disorder can be done through a mental health assessment and the DSM-5. A mental health assessment includes:
The healthcare provider will ask questions about medical history and any existing mental health conditions. Physical assessment involves physical examination and laboratory tests, done to help detect medical conditions that may be the underlying cause of bipolar symptoms.
The mental health professional can use various screening tools that help in diagnosing bipolar disorder. These help understand identified symptoms in detail, including mood, thoughts, emotions, and behaviours.
For bipolar disorder, these tools may be:
In addition, the patient's family and friends may be asked about the patient's symptoms to reach an accurate diagnosis.
The patient may be asked to maintain a daily mood chart to help track mood, sleep, appetite, and other potential factors that may assist in the correct diagnosis.
A mental health professional can also diagnose the types of bipolar disorder, mania or hypomania and bipolar depression based on the standard criteria given in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5, to identify Bipolar 1, Bipolar 2, Cyclothymia, mania/hypomania or depression in bipolar disorder.
Listed below are some of the ways to treat bipolar disorder:
Psychotherapy or talk therapy involves speaking to a mental health professional about bipolar and related symptoms and their impact on daily life. The following therapies can be given for managing bipolar symptoms :
Essential medications used to manage bipolar disorder episodes can be :
Though bipolar disorder is a chronic illness, early diagnosis can help manage symptoms better and prevent extreme episodes. Consult a mental health professional for a customized treatment plan based on the severity of symptoms.
In severe cases, hospitalization is needed for bipolar disorder. To ensure quality treatment and financial assistance, contact Star Health Insurance. We provide coverage for psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder, under our Medi Classic Insurance Policy for Individuals.
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