Bipolar Disorder 1 vs. Bipolar Disorder 2: Key Differences, Causes, Symptoms

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Bipolar Disorder 1 vs. 2: Differences, Symptoms & Treatment

 

Globally, an estimated 46 million people, including 2.8% of the U.S population, have bipolar disorder. If left untreated, bipolar patients may die almost 10 years earlier than the rest of the population.

 

Bipolar disorder is a serious mental health condition that causes extreme changes in mood, energy, sleep, and cognitive abilities. It involves alternating episodes of emotional highs (mania/hypomania) and emotional lows (depression).

 

It is an incurable, chronic mental illness. However, it can be managed with a treatment that combines medicines and psychotherapy. Read ahead for a comprehensive idea of the types of bipolar disorder, key differences between bipolar 1 and 2, mania and hypomania, their symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment.

 

What are the Types of Bipolar Disorder? 

 

Bipolar disorder can be of the following types:

 

1. Bipolar 1 Disorder

 

Bipolar 1 disorder involves one manic episode in a lifetime, before or after hypomanic or depressive episodes. In severe manic episodes, Bipolar 1 can lead to psychosis or dissociation from reality.

 

2. Bipolar 2 Disorder

 

Bipolar 2 disorder happens when one hypomanic episode and one major depressive episode occur. Bipolar 2 patients do not experience mania.

 

3. Cyclothymia

 

Cyclothymia is another type of bipolar disorder with milder symptoms. One undergoes many hypomanic and depressive episodes for a minimum of two years to have cyclothymia.

 

How are Bipolar 1 and Bipolar 2 Different?

 

The differences between bipolar disorder 1 and 2 are depicted in the following table: 

 

Bipolar 1Bipolar 2
Minimum one manic episodeNo manic episode, minimum one hypomanic episode
Full-blown or severe manic symptomsLess intense hypomanic symptoms
Manic episode - up to a weekHypomanic episode - up to four days
Depressive episodes are not required for diagnosisMinimum one depressive episode for diagnosis
Lesser and shorter depressive episodesFrequent and longer depressive episodes
Can need hospitalizationDoes not need hospitalization
Higher suicide riskLower suicide risk
Manic episode causes functional impairmentA hypomanic episode does not cause functional impairment

 

What are the Differences between Mania and Hypomania? 

 

The table below presents a comparison of mania vs. hypomania:        

       

ManiaHypomania
Intense and dangerous symptomsMild to moderate symptoms
Can include psychosisDoes not include psychosis
Often needs hospitalizationDoes not need hospitalization
Episode for at least a weekEpisode for a minimum of four days
Hindrance in daily activitiesNormal functioning in daily activities
Impaired productivityIncreased productivity
Negative effect on social relationshipsNo adverse effect on social relationships
Always a part of Bipolar 1Can occur in Bipolar 1 and 2

 

What are the Causes of Bipolar Disorder? 

 

There is no single cause for bipolar disorder. A combination of various factors can lead to it. Such causes are as follows:

 

  • Differences in Brain Chemistry : A difference in brain structure can cause a change in neurotransmitter function, increasing the risk of developing bipolar disorder.
  • Family History : Bipolar disorder can be linked to genetics. If you have a family history of bipolar disorder, you are at a higher risk of inheriting it.
  • Age : Bipolar disorder is usually diagnosed first in teens and in young adults over 20 years, though it can develop in adults too.
  • Life-Changing Events : Stressful life incidents like bereavement, divorce, financial loss and poverty, significant life changes, and times of uncertainty can often trigger bipolar episodes.
  • Certain Medications : Bipolar episodes may result as a side effect of taking some medications, including antidepressants.
  • Substance Abuse : Drug and alcohol abuse can worsen or trigger bipolar episodes.

 

What are the Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder?

 

Bipolar disorder involves symptoms of mania and/or depression. Manic or hypomanic symptoms can be:

 

  • Happy mood
  • High energy
  • Excitement, agitation, and restlessness
  • Racing thoughts
  • Increased talkativeness
  • Easy distraction
  • Lesser need for sleep
  • Impulsivity and reckless behaviors like overspending, gambling, fast driving, excessive sexual activity or substance abuse
  • Grandiosity and high confidence
  • Irritability, aggression, and anger
  • Psychosis in severe mania

 

Depressive symptoms can be :

 

  • Incessant sadness or low mood
  • Despair and helplessness
  • Irritability and anxiety
  • Low self-esteem and guilt
  • Loss of interest in previously enjoyable activities
  • Lack of energy or fatigue
  • Cognitive dysfunction
  • Eating too much or too little, causing a gain or loss in weight
  • Disturbed sleep or oversleeping
  • Self-harming tendencies or suicidal ideation

 

How is Bipolar Disorder Diagnosed?

 

Diagnosing bipolar disorder can be done through a mental health assessment and the DSM-5. A mental health assessment includes:

 

1. Initial Interview and Physical Assessment 

 

The healthcare provider will ask questions about medical history and any existing mental health conditions. Physical assessment involves physical examination and laboratory tests, done to help detect medical conditions that may be the underlying cause of bipolar symptoms.

 

2. Cognitive and Mental Evaluation

 

The mental health professional can use various screening tools that help in diagnosing bipolar disorder. These help understand identified symptoms in detail, including mood, thoughts, emotions, and behaviours.

 

For bipolar disorder, these tools may be:

 

  • Mood Disorders Questionnaire
  • Hypomania Checklist 32

 

In addition, the patient's family and friends may be asked about the patient's symptoms to reach an accurate diagnosis.

 

3. Mood Tracking

 

The patient may be asked to maintain a daily mood chart to help track mood, sleep, appetite, and other potential factors that may assist in the correct diagnosis.

 

4. DSM-5

 

A mental health professional can also diagnose the types of bipolar disorder, mania or hypomania and bipolar depression based on the standard criteria given in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5, to identify Bipolar 1, Bipolar 2, Cyclothymia, mania/hypomania or depression in bipolar disorder.

 

How is Bipolar Disorder Treated?

 

Listed below are some of the ways to treat bipolar disorder:

 

1. Psychotherapy

 

Psychotherapy or talk therapy involves speaking to a mental health professional about bipolar and related symptoms and their impact on daily life. The following therapies can be given for managing bipolar symptoms :

 

  • Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy
  • Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
  • Psychoeducation
  • Family-focused Therapy

 

2. Medications 

 

Essential medications used to manage bipolar disorder episodes can be :

 

  • Mood Stabilizers, eg, Lithium.
  • Antipsychotics in combination with a mood stabilizer (Cariprazine)
  • Antidepressants in combination with a mood stabilizer (Venlafaxine)
  • Antidepressant-antipsychotic combinations  (Symbyax)

 

Though bipolar disorder is a chronic illness, early diagnosis can help manage symptoms better and prevent extreme episodes. Consult a mental health professional for a customized treatment plan based on the severity of symptoms.

 

In severe cases, hospitalization is needed for bipolar disorder. To ensure quality treatment and financial assistance, contact Star Health Insurance. We provide coverage for psychiatric disorders, including bipolar disorder, under our Medi Classic Insurance Policy for Individuals.

 

Call us now for further assistance!

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Information on the Symptom page is for general awareness purposes and not a substitute for professional medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional for any health concerns before making any decisions regarding your health or treatment. T & C apply For further detailed information or inquiries, feel free to reach out via email at marketing.d2c@starhealth.in