Thyroid Symptoms & Causes

Thyroid Symptoms & Causes: Complete Guide to Disorders

Thyroid disorders arise when the thyroid gland produces an abnormal amount of hormones, disrupting the body’s metabolism and energy regulation. Common thyroid symptoms include fatigue, weight changes, mood shifts, and irregular heartbeat. These disorders can affect people of all ages and may require lifelong management through medication, lifestyle changes, and regular monitoring.

The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck, playing a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions through hormone production. When this gland malfunctions, it can lead to a range of health conditions that often go unnoticed initially. Understanding the different types of thyroid disorders, their triggers, and how they affect the body is essential. With timely diagnosis and proper medical care, most thyroid-related issues can be effectively managed to maintain long-term health.

Keep reading to learn more about the symptoms, signs and causes of thyroid disorder in detail.

What is a thyroid disease?

'Thyroid disease' is a broad term that refers to any condition preventing your thyroid from producing the correct amount of hormones. It affects individuals across all age groups. The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of your neck. As part of the endocrine system, it produces hormones like triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which regulate numerous bodily functions.

The thyroid’s primary role is to control your metabolism—the process by which your body converts food into energy. When the thyroid doesn’t function properly, it can have widespread effects on your body, including your heart rate, weight, and energy levels.

What are the Types of Thyroid Disorders?

There are two main types of thyroid disorders: hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. However, several other conditions also affect the thyroid gland. These include:

• Hyperthyroidism: Occurs when the thyroid gland produces too much hormone, leading to increased metabolism.
• Hypothyroidism: Develops when the gland does not produce enough hormones, slowing down metabolic processes.
• Goitre: An abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland, which can be caused by iodine deficiency, autoimmune diseases (like Hashimoto's or Graves'), or nodules.
• Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: An autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the thyroid, reducing hormone production.
• Thyroid Nodules: Lumps or abnormal growths within the thyroid, often benign and asymptomatic.
• Cretinism: A condition present at birth where the thyroid gland is underactive or absent, which can cause stunted growth and developmental issues if untreated.
• Thyroid Cancer: A rare but serious condition where thyroid cells mutate and multiply, forming a tumour.
   

What are the symptoms of thyroid disorders?

Thyroid disorders typically fall under two categories: hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) and hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). The symptoms differ significantly, as they impact metabolism in opposite ways.

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism:

• Constant fatigue
• Slower than normal heart rate
• Feeling unusually cold
• Unexplained weight gain
• Depression
• Dry skin and brittle hair
• Heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia)
   

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism:

• Rapid heartbeat (tachycardia)
• Unintentional weight loss
• Insomnia or difficulty sleeping
• Feeling excessively warm
• Sweaty or clammy skin
• Anxiety, irritability, or nervousness
• Irregular or absent menstrual cycles
   

Both conditions can lead to goitre, although it is more commonly associated with hyperthyroidism.

What are the risk factors associated with thyroid disorder?

You may be at increased risk of developing a thyroid disorder if you:

• Have a family history of thyroid disease.
• Have Turner syndrome
• Are female (women are 5 to 8 times more likely to develop thyroid issues)
• Take medications that are high in iodine.
• Live in an area where iodised salt is not commonly available.
• Have received radiation therapy to the neck or head
• Are a woman over the age of 60
   

Additionally, certain autoimmune diseases raise your risk:

• Type 1 diabetes
• Pernicious anaemia
• Addison’s disease (adrenal insufficiency)
• Coeliac disease
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Lupus
• Sjögren’s syndrome
   

How is thyroid diagnosed?

To diagnose a thyroid disorder, a healthcare provider will assess your symptoms and family history and perform a physical examination. They will check for thyroid enlargement or nodules.

Alongside this, for confirmation of thyroid disorder, the doctor suggests some thyroid tests that include:

• Imaging Tests: An ultrasound can detect lumps, nodules, or goitre. Nuclear scans can determine if nodules are functioning (producing hormones).
• Blood Tests: These tests measure levels of T3, T4, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid antibodies to diagnose and monitor thyroid function.

Is Thyroid Disorder Curable?

Treatment for thyroid disorders depends on the type (hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism) and its underlying cause. The primary goal is to restore thyroid hormone levels to a healthy range.

Treatment options for hyperthyroidism

If your thyroid is overactive, common treatment options include:

• Radioactive Iodine Therapy: Destroys overactive thyroid cells to reduce hormone production.
• Antithyroid Medications: Inhibit the thyroid gland from producing excess hormones.
• Beta Blockers: Do not affect hormone levels but help control symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, anxiety, or tremors.
• Surgery (Thyroidectomy): Surgical removal of the thyroid gland may be advised in severe cases. After surgery, lifelong hormone replacement therapy is necessary.
   

Treatment for Hypothyroidism

If your thyroid is underactive, treatment typically involves:

• Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy: Daily use of synthetic hormones, most commonly levothyroxine, helps restore normal hormone levels.
   

Both forms of thyroid disorder require long-term management and regular monitoring by a healthcare professional to ensure hormone levels remain balanced and symptoms are controlled.

Can Thyroid Disorders Be Prevented?

Most thyroid disorders, especially those caused by autoimmune conditions like Hashimoto’s thyroiditis or Graves’ disease, are not preventable. However, certain types related to iodine imbalance can be managed with appropriate dietary care. It is important to avoid both iodine deficiency and excess, as each can disrupt thyroid function.

Always consult a healthcare provider before taking iodine-rich supplements or medications. Regular check-ups and awareness of thyroid symptoms can also aid in early detection and management, reducing the risk of complications associated with untreated thyroid issues. Maintaining overall wellness supports better thyroid health in the long run.

Is Thyroid Disorder a Serious Illness?

Yes, thyroid disorders can have wide-ranging effects on your body. If left untreated, they can result in serious health complications. Proper management and routine check-ups are essential to minimise risks.

Potential complications of untreated hyperthyroidism:

• Stroke
• Atrial fibrillation
• Heart failure
• Osteoporosis
   

Complications of untreated hypothyroidism:

• Peripheral neuropathy
• Mood disorders such as depression
• Infertility
• Cardiovascular issues
• Myxoedema coma (a rare, life-threatening condition)
   

Lifestyle Tips for Managing Thyroid Disorders

While medical treatment is crucial, certain lifestyle changes can support thyroid health:

• Maintain a balanced diet rich in iodine (in moderation), selenium, and zinc.
• Exercise regularly to help regulate metabolism and improve mood.
• Manage stress, as it can exacerbate autoimmune conditions.
• Take medications consistently as prescribed and attend follow-up appointments.
• Avoid self-medicating with herbal or over-the-counter supplements without medical advice.
   

Are Thyroid Disorders Common During Pregnancy?

Thyroid disorders are relatively common during pregnancy due to increased hormone demands. Untreated hypothyroidism may raise risks of miscarriage, preterm birth, and developmental delays. Hyperthyroidism, though rarer, can cause high blood pressure or low birth weight.

Women with a thyroid history require early screening. With timely diagnosis and adjusted medication, thyroid conditions during pregnancy can be safely managed to support maternal and foetal health.

Final Thoughts

Thyroid disorders can subtly disrupt multiple body systems, affecting weight, mood, energy, fertility, and heart health. Left untreated, they may lead to serious complications. However, most thyroid issues are manageable with early detection, routine monitoring, and proper treatment.

If you experience persistent fatigue, mood changes, or unexplained weight shifts, consult your doctor. Timely intervention can help stabilise thyroid function and improve your long-term well-being.